Poverty and Its Causes in Pakistan - 2152 Words

Poverty and its causes In Pakistan Submitted by: Muhammad Ahmad Adil Submitted to: Ms. Mehwish Submitted date: 8th February 2012 Assignment Topic: Poverty In Pakistan Management sciences Department Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan 2012 www.awkum.edu.pk February 8, 2010 Ms. Mehwish Teacher, Economy of Pakistan Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Madam I am herewith present my Assignment authorized by you as a requirement for this course. In this assignment, I have tried to provide updated information about Poverty In Pakistan. I hope I have†¦show more content†¦In a world of six billion people, one billion have 80 percent of the income and five billion have less than 20 percent. This issue of global imbalance is at the core of the challenge to scale up poverty reduction. Case of Pakistan: Poverty has many dimensions in Pakistan. People have not only low incomes but they also are suffering from lack of access over basic needs. The major challenge of today is poverty reduction. In Pakistan, Poverty Reduction Strategy was launched by the government in 2001 in response to the rising trend in poverty during 1990s. It consisted of the following five elements:- (a) Accelerating economic growth and maintaining macroeconomic stability. (b) Investing in human capital. (c) Augmenting targeted interventions. (d) Expanding social safety nets. (e) Improving governance. The net outcome of interactions among these five elements would be the expected reduction in transitory and chronic poverty on a sustained basis. The reduction in poverty and improvement in social indicators and living conditions of the society are being monitored frequently through large- scale household surveys in order to gauge their progress in meeting the targets set by Pakistan for achieving the seven UN Millennium Development Goals byShow MoreRelatedPoverty in Pakistan: Causes and Consequences1610 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty, a multidimensional global phenomenon, as defined by World Bank is an income level below some minimum threshold deemed necessary to achieve basic needs. This minimum level is usually called the â€Å"poverty line†. The things required to satisfy basic needs are highly time and society dependent. Therefore, poverty lines vary from country to country as each country defines and sets the poverty line limit according to its o wn level of development, societal norms and values. But the contents of theRead MorePoverty in Afghanistan1663 Words   |  7 Pagesproblems of poverty in Pakistan. 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Pakistan is broken into four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (â€Å"About Pakistan†). Its capital is the city of Islamabad. While Pakistan has taken many steps to improve the stateRead MoreMore Than Half of the Population of Pakistan Is Food Insecured Despite Agricultural Growth.751 Words   |  4 PagesHYPOTHESIS 1: More than half of the population of Pakistan is food insecured despite agricultural growth. The food security of a country is the availability of food in that country, and the people’s access to it.   It is often said, â€Å"Food insecurity anywhere, threatens peace everywhere†. The term food security reflects the desire to eliminate hunger and malnutrition. The World Food Summit in 1996 defined food security as, â€Å"when all people at all times have physical and economic access to sufficientRead MoreList of Important Topics for Essays1583 Words   |  7 Pagesformatted. 01. Dilemma of the water and energy crisis in Pakistan (2003) 02. 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Historical Events Since 1945 free essay sample

The formation of the United Nations (1945) Kegley (2007) mentions that the failure of the League of Nations, brought about the creation of the United Nations in 1945. Following the planning of the American, British and Soviet allies for a new international organization to maintain peace and security, the United Nations came into existence on 24 October 1945. Today, the United Nations has many departments that deal with vast global issues mainly humanitarian, economic and social. The creation of the United Nations has also brought the birth of other organizations such as the European Union in 1993 and the World Trade organization in 1995. Internationally, the living standards of many have positively changed since the founding of the United Nations The creation of the declaration of Human Rights (1948) According to Hass (2008), the second charter of the United Nations after peace promotions is human rights. ( Vandersluis and Yerous in Kegley 2007, p. 220) state that â€Å" the universalist claim, that all human beings have the same moral status; to accept universal human rights the moral demand to respect the life, integrity, well-being and flourishing of all human beings†. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Events Since 1945 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was the general idea when the declaration of human rights was created. Violence, racial and gender discrimination, child abuse, religion and immigration laws are now governed by these laws. This has encouraged peace and development across the globe. The introduction of oral contraception (1958) Oral contraception is a means of preventing unwanted pregnancies through the ingesting of the pill. The pill was first introduced in the United States as an alternative to minimize infant mortality and enforce women rights with issues concerning child birth. Prior to the use of the oral pill, women used to go to extreme measure to exercise birth control. Women used to nurse their children for two to three years. This would suppress ovulation protecting them from pregnancy. Another natural method is coitus reservatus or withholding ejaculation† Elder (n. d). This development is a safer, efficient and reliable method for women today. Other methods of contraception where then introduced to suit different women across the world. The Entebbe Raid (1976) This eve nt occurred when Air France departed from Paris to Athens bound to Israel was hijacked by seven Palestinians and diverted to Entebbe airport in Uganda. Haas (2008) reports that there were Jewish and Israeli passengers on board. The battle on the airfield was a result of the fear of a massacre portrayed by the hijackers. Ugandan soldiers and a small number of hostages were killed. This event marked the beginning of air flight hijackings. In 2001, the Americans were attacked by the Taliban in a similar manner and many perished. Due to such an event, strict rules and regulations for passengers have been enforced globally to ensure the safety of the innocent. The Bhopal industrial accident (1984) The Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India experienced the worst industrial accident in history. A leakage of forty tons of chemicals resulted in the death of over seven thousand and two hundred thousand injuries according to Haas (2008). This was a wakeup call for many industrial plants to exercise extreme caution. Codes of conduct in the workplace are of major importance today. Companies are now required to ensure that health and safety procedures are implemented. Environmental awareness is also a major topic of discussion as this accident had an impact on the environment.

Halloween Essay Essay Example

Halloween Essay Paper It has been more than two months since I came to US. Though the main reason I came here is to pursing higher education, I still have to adapt the life here. I can’t deny that I have some culture shocks because the culture background here is quite different. Differences include eating habits, living condition, and the theme of my topic, festival. Today is Oct 31th, it’s Halloween in most of western countries. Before came to US, I barely know this festival. The only impression in my mind is that this is kind of a festival which celebrating ghost. After arrived, saw so much pumpkins and ghost puppies and costumes on the streets, I realized how much important it is to western people. All of these arouse my strong curiosity about Halloween. It’s lucky to watch this ‘Halloween’ video in ELP class. It really helps me to have a better understanding of this strange festival. Now I understand that Halloween is a contraction for All-Hallows-Eve, which means all of ghosts this night come out. The symbols of this festival include ‘trick of treat’, costume party, watching horror movie and parade etc. To be honest, I don’t have a good feeling about ‘trick or treat’, because my friend, who lives in US for five year told me that nobody knows what kind of crazy things those freaking kids will do. Last year, those naughty kids throw rocks to my friend’s house and some windows are broken. Scared about this, I decide to park my new pre-owned car in school and wish nothing happens. We will write a custom essay sample on Halloween Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Halloween Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Halloween Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In my dictionary, Americans are party animals. They just love having parties. On contrary, Chinese do not have parties every often. For Americans, Halloween is a good time to have party. Several days before Halloween, I walked through streets in Manhattan, saw a lot of party invitation advertisement and some advertisers who dressed up even show up to scare you and invited you to their parties. I just can feel this party atmosphere around the whole country. As a foreigner, I am still not prepared to attend a costume party and I think I will just go on streets with my friends to see the parades. Considering that I am a graduate student majoring in finance, I think I have to write some economic aspects toward Halloween. I did some researches and found that Halloween is a good day to do business. It is estimated people spent $2 billion in candy, $300 million in pet costume [1] in Halloween and the trend is likely to expand in the future.

Learn More About the History of Lasers

Learn More About the History of Lasers The name LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It is is a device that emits a beam of light through a process called optical amplification. It distinguishes itself from other sources of light by emitting light in a spatially and temporally coherent manner. Spatial coherence keeps the beam within a narrow and tight path over long disances. This allows the energy generated to be used in applications such as laser cutting and laser pointing. Having temporal coherence means that can emit light within a narrow spectrum to generate a light beam of a specific color. In 1917, Albert Einstein first theorized about the process which makes lasers possible called Stimulated Emission. He detailed his theory in a paper titled Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung (On the Quantum Theory of Radiation). Today, lasers are used in a wide range of technologies including optical disk drives, laser printers and barcode scanners. They are also used in laser surgery and skin treatments as well as cutting and welding. Before the Laser In 1954, Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow invented the maser (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) using ammonia gas and microwave radiation. The maser was invented before the (optical) laser. The technology is very similar but does not use visible light. On March 24, 1959, Townes and Schawlow were granted a patent for the maser. The maser was used to amplify radio signals and as an ultra sensitive detector for space research. In 1958, Townes and Schawlow theorized and published papers about a visible laser, an invention that would use infrared and/or visible spectrum light. However, they did not proceed with any research at the time. Many different materials can be used as lasers. Some, like the ruby laser, emit short pulses of laser light. Others, like helium-neon gas lasers or liquid dye lasers, emit a continuous beam of light. The Ruby Laser In 1960, Theodore Maiman invented the ruby laser considered to be the first successful optical or light laser. Many historians claim that Maiman invented the first optical laser. However, there is some controversy due to claims that Gordon Gould was the first and there is good evidence backing that claim. The Gordon Gould Laser Gould was the first person to use the word laser. Gould was a doctoral student at Columbia University under Townes, the inventor of the maser. Gould was inspired to build his optical laser starting in 1958. He failed to file for a patent his invention until 1959. As a result, Goulds patent was refused and his technology was exploited by others. It took until 1977 for Gould to finally win his patent war and receive his first patent for the laser. The Gas Laser The first gas laser (helium-neon) was invented by Ali Javan in 1960. The gas laser was the first continuous-light laser and the first to operate on the principle of converting electrical energy to a laser light output. It has been used in many practical applications. Hall's Semiconductor Injection Laser In 1962, inventor Robert Hall created a revolutionary type of laser that is still used in many of the electronic appliances and communications systems that we use every day. Patel's Carbon Dioxide Laser The carbon dioxide laser was invented by Kumar Patel in 1964. Walker's Laser Telemetry Hildreth Walker invented laser telemetry and targeting systems. Laser Eye Surgery New York City ophthalmologist Steven Trokel made the connection to the cornea and performed the first laser surgery on a patients eyes in 1987. The next ten years were spent perfecting the equipment and the techniques used in laser eye surgery. In 1996, the first Excimer laser for ophthalmic refractive use was approved in the United States. Trokel patented the Excimer laser for vision correction. The Excimer laser was originally used for etching silicone computer chips in the 1970s. Working in the IBM research laboratories in 1982, Rangaswamy Srinivasin, James Wynne and Samuel Blum saw the potential of the Excimer laser in interacting with biological tissue. Srinivasin and the IBM team realized that you could remove tissue with a laser without causing any heat damage to the neighboring material. But it took the observations of Dr. Fyodorov in a case of eye trauma in the 1970s to bring about the practical application of refractive surgery through radial keratotomy.

The understanding of genre in animatedfilm Essay

The understanding of genre in animatedfilm - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that choosing on a genre to narrow down on and may be discussed more it is going to form the basics and outline of this proposal. The present research has identified that the reason behind this fact is that going by the different genres in the film industry; one is always tempted to follow their heart in arriving at a conclusion. Therefore, as a result, this paper would love to give out the very impression that the choice of selection lies entirely on my field of interest. The researcher states that science fiction film may perhaps fall onto the author’s field of interest and become the lead topic of discussion. Since in the researcher’s earlier statement, it was indicated that science fiction films will be my area of specialization, not all science fiction movies will earn a direct entry into the discussion panel. The author has rightly presented that a close look at the marketing strategies employed to sell out the film and most importantly production of the film will be the key factors to consider in the vetting process whose key mandate will be to sieve the very best from the rest. The aim of passing these films through a stringent vetting process will be to ensure that our end result will be able to meet our expectations and set standards. These and other considerations will be put in place to ensure that we come up with an appealing to all end result.

Research and academic review related to the strategic importance of Essay

Research and academic review related to the strategic importance of knowledge and the different approaches organisations take to - Essay Example Knowledge and Information Knowledge generally refers to the practical use of information. On the other hand, information refers to the general data expresses by words, images, sounds and number. Information can be shared, stored or transported. On the other hand, knowledge does not have these characteristics. Global retail industry has been considered for the study in order to determine the importance of knowledge in the business process of several organizations within the industry. Only gathering information about advanced process or a new process cannot help an individual or an organization to get success through it. The organizations need to significant level of expertise and knowledge how to implement these applications or tools (Schnedlitz, Morschett and Rudolph, 2010, p.109). It is true that knowledge as opposed to information has become the competitive driver over recent years. Global retail industry has become highly competitive due to the presence of several leading organiza tions. Organizations like Tesco, Walmart, Morrison’s, Sainsbury and others are trying to implement significant strategies in the business process to ensure positive business growth. ... It is true that information about some business tools and strategies help the organizations to think about further strategy development process. But, knowledge about these tools and achieved information can help the organization to make effective decisions that will ensure organizational goal. Knowledge as key source of wealth Earlier, capital, land and labour were considered as the source of wealth and business profit. Now-a-days, knowledge is considered as source of wealth for several business organizations. The major challenge of the knowledge based economy is to ensure and foster innovation. Several leading organizations within the retail industry are trying to capitalize on the potential opportunities that have been created due to globalization and technological revolution (Varley, 2013, p.19). It is true that organizations can adopt and implement advanced technological process in business operation but, cannot get success without effective knowledge about the implementation pro cess. Several leading and popular retail chains around the globe are trying to implement advanced technology in each and every business function, such as manufacturing, logistics and supply chain, finance and human resource management. Competitive success is based on how strategically the organizations intellectually manage the capital. Effective knowledge management is considered as an important strategic instrument. The organizations within the retail industry are implementing differentiated technical instruments to enhance business process. It is true that implementation of advanced technology in logistics and supply chain management helps the leading retail chains to reduce business operation time and cost

Narrative Technique of Sula Essay Example for Free

Narrative Technique of Sula Essay Although Sula is arranged in chronological order, it does not construct a linear story with the causes of each new plot event clearly visible in the preceding chapter. Instead, Sula uses juxtaposition, the technique through which collages are put together. The effects of a collage on the viewer depend on unusual combinations of pictures, or on unusual arrangements such as overlapping. The pictures of a collage dont fit smoothly together, yet they create a unified effect. The pictures of Sulas collage are separate events or character sketches. Together, they show the friendship of Nel and Sula as part of the many complicated, overlapping relationships that make up the Bottom. Morrison presents the novel from the perspective of an omniscient narrator one who knows all the characters thoughts and feelings. An omniscient narrator usually puts the reader in the position of someone viewing a conventional portrait or landscape rather than a collage. (In such situations, the viewer can perceive the unity of the whole work with only a glance.) To create the collage-like effect of Sula, the omniscient narrator never reveals the thoughts of all the characters at one time. Instead, from chapter to chapter, she chooses a different point-of-view character, so that a different persons consciousness and experience dominate a particular incident or section. In addition, the narrator sometimes moves beyond the consciousness of single, individual characters, to reveal what groups in the community think and feel. On the rare occasions when it agrees unanimously, she presents the united communitys view. As in The Bluest Eye and Jazz, the community has such a direct impact o n individuals that it amounts to a character. In narrative technique for Sula, Morrison draws on a specifically modernist usage of juxtaposition. Modernism, discussed in Chapter 3, was the dominant literary movement during the first half of the twentieth century. Writers of this period abandoned the unifying, omniscient narrator of earlier literature to make literature more like life, in which each of us has to make our own sense of the world. Rather than passively receiving a smooth, connected story from an authoritative narrator, the reader is forced to piece together a coherent plot and meaning from more separated pieces of  information. Modernists experimented with many literary genres. For example, T. S. Eliot created his influential poem The Wasteland by juxtaposing quotations from other literary works and songs, interspersed with fragmentary narratives of original stories. Fiction uses an analogous technique of juxtaposition. Each successive chapter of William Faulkner novel As I Lay Dying, for instance, drops the reader into a different characters consciousness without the direction or help of an omniscient narrator. To figure out the plot, the reader must work through the perceptions of characters who range from a seven-year-old boy to a madman. The abrupt, disturbing shifts from one consciousness to another are an intended part of the readers experience. As with all literary techniques, juxtaposition is used to communicate particular themes. In Cane, a work that defies our usual definitions of literary genres, Jean Toomer juxtaposed poetry and brief prose sketches. In this way, Cane establishes its thematic contrast of rural black culture in the South and urban black culture of the North. Morrison, who wrote her masters thesis on two modernists, Faulkner and Virginia Woolf, uses juxtaposition as a structuring device in Sula. Though relatively short for a novel, Sula has an unusually large number of chapters, eleven. This division into small pieces creates an intended choppiness, the uncomfortable sense of frequently stopping and starting. The content of the chapters accentuates this choppy rhythm. Almost every chapter shifts the focus from the story of the preceding chapter by changing the point-of-view character or introducing sudden, shocking events and delaying discussion of the characters motives until later. In 1921, for example, Eva douses her son Plum with kerosene and burns him to death. Although the reader knows that Plum has become a heroin addict, Evas reasoning is not revealed. When Hannah, naturally assuming that Eva doesnt know of Plums danger, tells her that Plum is burning, the chapter ends with Evas almost nonchalant Is? My baby? Burning? (48). Not until midway through the next chapter, 1923, does Hannahs questioning allow the reader to understand Evas motivation. Juxtaposition thus heightens the readers sense of incompleteness. Instead of providing quick resolution, juxtaposition  introduces new and equally disturbing events. Paradoxically, when an occasional chapter does contain a single story apparently complete in itself, it too contributes to the novels overall choppy rhythm. In a novel using a simple, chronological mode of narration, each succeeding chapter would pick up where the last one left off, with the main characters now involved in a different incident, but in some clear way affected by their previous experience. In Sula, however, some characters figure prominently in one chapter and then fade entirely into the background. The first chapter centers on Shadrack, and although he appears twice more and has considerable psychic importance to Sula and symbolic importance to the novel, he is not an important actor again. In similar fashion, Helene Wright is the controlling presence of the third chapter, 1920, but barely appears in the rest of the book. These shifts are more unsettling than if Shadrack and Helene were ancestors of the other characters, generations removed, because the reader would then expect them to disappear. Their initial prominence and later shadowy presence contribute to the readers feeling of disruption. The choppy narration of Sula expresses one of its major themes, the fragmentation of both individuals and the community. Sula. New York: Knopf, 1973. Rpt. New York: Penguin, 1982